The five physical surgeries included joint replacement, cardiovascular operations, in-vitro fertilization, facial rejuvenation and liver transplants.

“Those surgeries normally have to be performed at large teaching hospitals, which may use resources that should be reserved for citizens,” Tsao said. “It would be ­difficult for the patients to travel after the surgeries as well.”

“Cosmetic surgeries and health examinations, on the other hand, can be conducted at mid-sized hospitals and private clinics,” he said. “Patients generally are not required to stay in the hospital after cosmetic surgeries. The surgeries can be arranged a few days before the patients return.”

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